With their long tails, grasping hands, and cheeky expressions, monkeys are one of the most familiar animals on Earth. Their fast reactions and smart thinking evolved as adaptations for living in complex societies in the forest canopy.
Most monkeys live in tropical rainforests of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Some, like geladas and golden monkeys, live in mountain areas; others, such as Japanese macaques, find warm springs to spend the winter in (kind of like a monkey Jacuzzi!). Some species, such as baboons, live in savannas and open wooded areas or on rocky hillsides.
Monkeys are omnivorous—they eat leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, flowers, bark, vegetables, rodents, birds, invertebrates, and even insects. They also like to eat bananas, which aren’t normally available in their natural habitats. Some monkeys even chew gum! When a monkey “grins” or pulls up their lip to show their teeth, it may look like a smile to us, but for a monkey it can mean aggression or anger. Other facial expressions, such as yawning or head bobbing, can also be signals of aggression.
Almost all monkeys are highly social and live in groups called troops. Typically, the members of a troop are related females and their young. Males leave their troops when they mature, and often join new ones. Some monkeys make loud vocalizations to communicate with one another, including grunts, screams, squeaks, whistles, hoots, and barks.
Scientists split monkeys into two groups: Old World monkeys and New World monkeys. They think that the ancestors of New World monkeys crossed from Africa to South America during the Eocene Epoch, which took place 34 to 56 million years ago.
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